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The ``probabilistic method'' is the art of applying probabilistic thinking to non-probabilistic problems. Applications of the probabilistic method often feel like magic. Here is my favorite example: Theorem (Erdös, 1965). Call a set $latex {X}&fg=000000$ sum-free if for all $latex {a, b \in X}&fg=000000$, we have $latex {a + b \not\in X}&fg=000000$. For any finite...
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Selected Exercises # 5.A # 12. Define $ T \in \mathcal L(\mathcal P_4(\mathbf{R})) $ by $$ (Tp)(x) = xp'(x) $$ for all $ x \in \mathbf{R} $. Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of $ T $. Observe that, if $ p = a_0 + a_1 x + a_2 x^2 + a_3 x^3 + a_4 x^4 $, then $$ x p'(x) = a_1 x + 2 a_2 x^2 + 3 a_3 x^3 + 4 a_4 x^4.
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The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem says that a square matrix $LATEX A$ satisfies its characteristic equation, that is $latex p(A) = 0$ where $latex p(t) = \det(tI-A)$ is the characteristic polynomial. This statement is not simply the substitution ``$latex p(A) = \det(A - A) = 0$'', which is not valid since $latex t$ must remain a scalar...
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This is the excerpt for your very firstpost.
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